Enabling Innovation in Campus Networks

Question: Talk about the Enabling Innovation in Campus Networks. Answer: Presentation Programming Define innovation is a sort of PC organizing which permits and help the system director to deal with the system administration of the association through the reflection of lower level usefulness. It tends to the way that the static design of conventional system doesn't bolster the dynamic, versatile figuring and put away the cutting edge processing situations like the server farm. SDN are usually connected with the Open Flow convention. It develops later in the year 2011. From 2012 numerous organizations have moved away from Open Flow as a solitary arrangement and have grasped various strategies which incorporates like Cisco's open Network Environment and Nicira Network Virtualization. Programming characterized organizing has begun not long after Sun Microsystems which is discharged by JAVA in the year 1995]. The first SDN venture was ATT's GeoPlex. The principle motivation behind this task is to build up the aptitudes of rising innovation SDN (Software Define Networking) .Through this task first thing which we will learn is the manner by which to build up the information dependent on some present status of rising innovation SDN which help the association to accomplish their work all the more effectively and quick. In the wake of examining and looking SDN developing innovation we will likewise distinguish it's security issue of the rising innovation. Writing Review I have experienced the various articles and book and get the information on Software Defined Technology. Subsequent to doing the examination I found this is a developing innovation and a rising idea for the PC organizing. It has been brought together the product legitimately to control the conduct of the system. It controls the system through the fundamental the physical switches and switches. I have experienced an article which is composed by Nick Mckeown he accepts that from years the PC researcher has thought to enhance something new which will improve the system speed, unwavering quality, security and the vitality productivity. Be that as it may, all the researcher has fizzled as the test was unthinkable for the enormous scope. An organization like Cisco and Hewlett-Packard had attempted yet the test was impractical. After that the Nick McKeon and his universities think to build up a standard called Open Flow which opens up the web and permit the client to characterize the information stream utilizing the product called SDN (Software Defined Networking). This system coordinates all the switches and switches, how to guide the system traffic to each other. It additionally ensures the exclusive steering guidance which separates one organization's equipment from another. As indicated by the James Mclllece Software Define, organizing gives a strategy to design and deal with the physical and virtual system gadgets like switch, switches and passage in the server farm. He told that virtual system component like Hyper V Virtual Switch, Windows Server Gateway is intended to be the necessary component of the product characterized organizing foundation He has clarified pleasantly in his article about the SDN , he told that SDN is just conceivable in light of the system planes. On the off chance that the association utilize this system there will be no bound to the system gadgets. The product characterized organizing permits the client to deal with the server farm progressively to give the computerized and concentrated approach to meet the prerequisite of the companys application and remaining tasks at hand. The accompanying abilities of the product Defined Networking are : It has the ability to characterize and control the strategies which oversee both the physical and virtual system which incorporates the traffic stream of the system. It executes the system approaches in a steady way with an ideal scale, regardless of whether the client or an organization send the new outstanding task at hand or move the remaining task at hand over the virtual or physical systems. It additionally abstracts the application and remaining burden from the hidden physical system which achieves by vitalizing the system. Paradis and Thomas additionally characterized that product Defined Networks is a worldview in which the directing choice are taken by a control layer. They told that on the off chance that we experience the contrast between the product characterized organize and the regular system structure were we can see that control plane and sending plane are isolated and convey through the various conventions like open stream. They told that SDN is fundamentally an alternate proposition which is just founded on layered methodology and attempt to unite the administration of the distinctive layer into a solitary controller. He additionally says that Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is a rising engineering which is reasonable, it is savvy and dynamic. It is likewise a perfect for the high-data transfer capacity, dynamic nature of the present applications. Paul Goransson in his book clarified about the Software-characterized organizing. He has pleasantly clarified the SDN, he says that in the year 2010 when he gave the main open chat on Open Flow that time this convention was the core of SDN and nobody had known about Open stream or programming characterized organize. He told that following 10 months in the long stretch of May 2011, open stream become popular and everybody began discussing the Open stream. The creator likewise told that, after this from 2012 numerous organizations have moved away from Open Flow as a solitary arrangement and have grasped various procedures which incorporates like Cisco's open Network Environment and Nicira Network Virtualization. The creator was likewise a sequential business person who has new businesses through the effective procurement by industry goliaths. He has additionally utilized this product characterized arrange in his association. Subsequent to experiencing every one of these articles , book s, and diary I have accumulated a lot of data with respect to the Software Defined Networking. Programming Define innovation is a kind of PC organizing which permits and help the system overseer to deal with the system administration of the association through the deliberation of lower level usefulness. In the present current age this SDN is the developing innovation which causes each organization to have the great systems administration system.I likewise came to realize that Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is a rising engineering which is dynamic and savvy, it is additionally a perfect for the high-transmission capacity, dynamic nature of the present applications. This design isolates the system control and forward the capacities and which empowers the system control and it legitimately gets programmable and underlines the framework to be preoccupied for applications and system administrations. Among this, the Open Flow convention is an essential component which manufactures SDN arrangements. It is the core of SDN. The design of the SDN is: Legitimately programmable: In this, the Network control is straightforwardly programmable in light of the fact that it is isolated from sending capacities. Spry: It controls the sending of executives powerfully and alters the system wide traffic stream to meet the changing needs of the association. Halfway oversaw: Network knowledge is the one which is legitimately incorporated in programming which depends on SDN controllers and which keep up a worldwide perspective on the system, which appears to an applications and strategy motors as a solitary, sensible switch and switch. Automatically designed: SDN lets organize deal with the chiefs arrange, secure, and it advance the system assets rapidly through powerful and robotized the SDN programs. Open principles based and merchant impartial: When SDN are executed through open gauges, at that point it rearranges the system plan and It is an exceptionally basic procedure security to the SDN. To give a security to the SDN a legitimate information on innovation is required. It is all around programmable so helpless assault happen in the SDN. The dangers: Directed Level Malevolent Behavior Brought about by Potential Countermeasures Sending Plane Switch DoS Bundle Encryption and Passage Bypassing Restricted Forwarding Table Storage Capacity Gigantic Number of Flows Restricted Switchs Buffering Capacity I. Rule Aggregation II. Expanding Switchs Buffering Capacity Control Plane DDoS Attack I. Centralization Controller Replication II. Restricted Forwarding Table Storage Capacity I. Dynamic Master Controller Assignment II. Gigantic Number of Flows Traded off Controller Assaults I. Centralization I. Controller Replication with Diversity Attacks II. Effective Controller Assignments Sending control connect Man-in-center assaults Correspondence message sent in clear Encryption Countermeasures: To keep the SDN shielded from these assaults the client needs to give a legitimate security. The Denial of Service assault is a kind of system assault which is intended to focus on the system or machine with a colossal measure of pointless traffic which is over-burden and inevitably bring it down to the knees. The primary aim of the DoS assault is to make the administrations on the objective machine which is in every case incidentally inaccessible to its individual clients. The organization who will utilize the SDN administration they should keep the system with a security like they should utilize id and secret key framework to keep the significant information of this SDN to shield from the danger Denial of Service. They ought not spill out any code of the system to some other customer it might influence the administration. Reference Open Daylight, Open Daylight: A Linux Foundation Collaborative Project, 2013. [Online]. Accessible: https://www.opendaylight.org A. Lara, A. Kolasani, and B. Ramamurthy, Network advancement utilizing OpenFlow: A study, Communications Surveys Tutorials, IEEE, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 493512, First 2014 M. McBride, M. Cohn, S. Deshpande, M. Kaushik, M. Mathews, S. Nathan, SDN Security Considerations in the Data Center,Open Networking Foundation-ONF SOLUTION BRIEF, 2013 N. McKeown, T. Anderson, H. Balakrishnan, G. Parulkar, L. P

Modern Global Epidemic Of Obesity

Present day Global Epidemic Of Obesity In his Annual report of 2002, the UK Chief Medical Officer has depicted it as a wellbeing time bomb. Overweight and hefty kids are probably going to remain stout into adulthood with expanded danger of related major ceaseless sicknesses. Thus, financial incongruities saw in weight supplement financial disparities in wellbeing (Law et al., 2007). Avoidance of youth corpulence along these lines is basic. In this paper, the creator will inspect the unpredictable cooperation of social, monetary, natural and ecological determinants of wellbeing that may clarify the ongoing blast, moves in segment patterns of this overall issue, and quickly investigate way of life and conduct factors that may make specific dangers. A conversation about causes, complexities and treatment alternatives of youth weight will follow. The creator will audit and break down determinants and wellbeing approach activities, basically assess different worldwide, national and neighborhood procedures, activities and mediations, which expect to forestall corpulence in adolescence and inspect their connection to regular wellbeing advancement models and speculations. By basically inspecting the scope of communications and existing activities, the creator tries to propose suitable mediations to handle the developing test of youth stoutness. Watchwords: youth corpulence, imbalances, approach, technique, anticipation, wellbeing advancement DEFINITION Heftiness/Adiposity is characterized as a condition portrayed by unnecessary muscle versus fat. Muscle versus fat can either be put away transcendently around the midriff or around the hips. Weight Index (BMI) is utilized to gauge stoutness and characterized as: Bodyweight (Kg) (Keys et al., 1972) Tallness (m) 2 BMI is helpful in clinical practice and epidemiologic examinations, however has confinements. Freedman et al. (2004) announced that in spite of the fact that BMI is a decent proportion of fat mass in kids with high BMIs, it's anything but a solid pointer in more slender kids. Two universal datasets that are broadly used to characterize overweight and weight in pre-younger students are International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) reference and World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards (2006). None is better than the other and both will in general disparage or overestimate the predominance when utilized on a similar populace (Monasta et al. 2010). Edges for heftiness in youngsters in UK (and Scotland) are estimated by alluding to UK National BMI grouping framework that utilizations reference bends dependent on information from a few British investigations somewhere in the range of 1978 and 1990 (Cole et al, 2000). Kids are named overweight or fat utilizing the 85th and 95th percentiles as cut focuses. Pervasiveness, patterns and expenses Corpulence has gotten a pestilence in numerous pieces of the world and studies in the course of the most recent decade have recorded the quickly expanding predominance of stoutness and overweight among kids alongside rising financial disparities (Wang and Lobstein, 2006; Lobstein, Baur and Uauy, 2004). The most recent WHO report (Mercedes, Monika and Elaine, 2010) in view of studies from 144 nations gauges that all around, 43 million kids (remembering 35 million for creating nations) are overweight and fat and another 92 million are in danger of overweight. This compares to a predominance increment from 4.2% in 1990 to 6.7% in 2010. In England, 2008 figures indicated 16.8% of young men matured 2 to 15, and 15.2% of young ladies were classed as hefty, an expansion from 11.1% and 12.2% individually in 1995 (The Health and Social Care Information Center, 2010). Among Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) nations, just USA and Mexico having more elevated levels of corpulence than Scotland and this is relied upon to deteriorate even with current mediation rehearses. Scottish Govt. report (2010) states that in 2008, 15.1% kids were large and 31.7% were overweight. In the midst of this fate and melancholy situation are late reports (Stamatakis, Wardle and Cole, 2010) indicating patterns in overweight and stoutness commonness have settled or turned around in pre-adolescents and early high school a long time in France, Switzerland and Sweden. In the US as well, the heftiness pandemic might be settling (Ogden et al.,2010) yet it is too soon to know whether the information do mirror a genuine level (Cali and Caprio, 2008). Additionally, in England, slants in overweight and stoutness predominance have leveled off after 2002 (Stamatakis, Wardle and Cole, 2010); be that as it may, financial disparities have developed. Medicinal services (direct) expenses of corpulence are just a small amount of generally speaking (backhanded) expenses to society (McCormick, 2007) which are because of loss of business, creation levels and untimely annuities and passings. Weight is answerable for 2-8% of complete wellbeing costs in Europe and other created nations (WHO, 2007). Direct expenses of weight in Scotland were about  £175 million of every 2007/8 and expected to twofold by 2030. The roundabout expenses were a lot higher (about  £457 million) and anticipated that ascent should  £0.9 billion- £3 billion by 2030 (Scottish Govt. report, 2010). In England, late gauge of direct corpulence related expenses to NHS is  £4.2 billion and this may twofold by 2050. Cost to the more extensive economy is in the district of  £16 billion, and will ascend to  £50 billion every year by 2050 whenever left unchecked (Department of Health (DH) report, 2010). Imbalances Albeit no unmistakable connection between financial status (SES) in early life and youth stoutness (yet affirmed a solid relationship with expanded bloatedness in adulthood) was accounted for by Parsons et al.,(1999); a later methodical survey by Shrewsbury and Wardle (2008) bolsters the view that overweight and heftiness will in general be progressively common among socio-monetarily impeded youngsters in created nations. Comparative examples are appeared in information from England (Stamatakis, Wardle and Cole, 2010; Law, 2007) and Scotland (Scottish Govt. report, 2010). Notwithstanding, patterns shift inside various ethnic populaces as featured by Wang and Zhang (2006); an audit by Caprio et al. (2008) who contemplated the impact of race, ethnicity and culture on weight patterns finished up higher commonness in non-Caucasian populaces in US. Albeit prior reports (Wang, 2001) uncovered that the weight of this issue was for the most part in wealthier areas of the populace in creating countries, ongoing reports (Lobstein, Baur and Uauy, 2004; Wang and Lobstein, 2006) demonstrate that pervasiveness is ascending among the urban poor in these nations, conceivably because of their presentation to Westernized consumes less calories covering with a background marked by undernutrition. The explanations behind the distinctions in pervasiveness of youth stoutness among populace bunches are mind boggling, including race, ethnicity, hereditary qualities, physiology, culture, SES including parental training, condition, just as communications among these factors (Law et al.,2007; Caprio and Cali, 2008; Townsend and Ridler, 2009). ETIOPATHOGENESIS and COMPLICATIONS Kirk, Penney and McHugh (2010) contend the unpredictability of the obesogenic condition, which involves individual (for example diet and physical movement inclinations; inability), physiological (for example hereditary qualities, race and ethnic, mental, metabolic) and ecological elements (home, school, and network). Other contributory elements are impacts in the public arena (e.g., social and companion impacts, food notices) and accessibility of and access to ideal human services. Albeit hereditary variables can affect singular inclination (Wardle et al., 2008), perinatal and maternal elements clarify quickly increasing worldwide predominance rates. Key perinatal components for youth weight (Wojcik and Mayer-Davis (2010), refered to in Freemark, 2010) are maternal overweight previously, during and after pregnancy, smoking and container taking care of. The moms dietary propensities and level of physical movement are likewise huge. Diminished physical movement levels related with inactive amusement (video and PC games), automated transportation (less strolling), and expanding urbanization (constrained chance to physical action) are totally connected with expanded danger of weight (Trost et al. 2001; Gordon-Larsen, McMurray and Popkin, 2000). Kids with handicap are at a more serious hazard to create stoutness (Reinehr et al.,2010); factors incorporate wellbeing concerns and confined access to physical action. Epstein et al. (2008) suggest that TV seeing energizes weight gain by diminishing physical movement, yet additionally by expanding vitality admission. Likewise, TV promoting could antagonistically influence dietary examples for the duration of the day (Lewis and Hill, 1998). Psychosocial variables can impact dietary and physical action practices that characterize vitality balance. Youngsters who experience the ill effects of disregard and despondency are at expanded hazard for heftiness during youth and sometime down the road (Johnson GJ et al.,2002; Pine DS et al.,2001).In differentiate, social help from guardians and others builds support in physical movement of kids and teenagers (Sallis, Prochaska, Taylor, 2000). There is proof that bosom milk in early stages may ensure against overweight in youth (Harder et al.,2005) while admission of nourishments with high glycemic list, sweet soda pops and quick food sources are related with expanded hazard and predominance of youth corpulence (Ludwig et al.,2001; French, 2001); in any case, long haul preliminaries are expected to certify this affiliation. Likewise, eating out (Zoumas-Morse et al.,2001) has all the earmarks of being a significant contributory way of life factor. Inordinate fat in the eating regimen is accepted to cause weight gain (Jequier, 2001); however, this affiliation isn't reliably appeared in epidemiological investigations (Atkin L-M Davies, 2000; Troiano,2000). Lustig (2006) suggests that the connection between changes in the earth and neuroendocrinology of human vitality balance is mind boggling. The creator clarifies that practices of expanded caloric admission and diminished vitality consumption are optional to commit weight gain that is d

Brand Evolution Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Brand Evolution - Assignment Example The superstar brand of Christina Aguilera and Britney Spears speaks to their individual ways of life, values, character, feeling and the wants that two famous people are distinguished straightforwardly with. It is prominent that the idea of the two brands has gone above and beyond to be related with a sub-culture in the general public for the most part through their fans. A large portion of the shoppers who are the fans are described with high-contribution where they have sincerely put resources into the brand. The two brands in the 21st century have had subculture eminently the youngsters in the general public outstandingly women distinguishing themselves. Both Christina Aguilera and Britney Spears brands have exceptionally genuinely put resources into the way of life the brand represents.Comparing the two vocation ways that both Aguilera and lances have taken lights up how their brands are persuasive in the contemporary social orders everywhere throughout the world. Christina Aguil era and Britney Spears got well known and rose to superstardom nearly simultaneously. This youth rivalry in different occasions contributed enormously to the improvement of the two personality brands of the two artists. Their disparities are as convincing as their likenesses in the different parts of execution and amusement measurements. Aguilera and Spears were conceived in 1980 and 1981 individually and the two of them contended as little youngsters in the vast majority of the nearby rivalries during their childhood. Their image advancement started as they acted in different intelligent gifts by trying out for The Mickey Mouse Club,†.... Both Christina Augilera and Britney Spears brands have exceptionally sincerely put resources into the way of life the brand speaks to. BRAND DEVELOPMENT Comparing the two vocation ways that both Aguilera and lances have taken lights up how their brands are powerful in the contemporary social orders everywhere throughout the world. Christina Augilera and Britney Spears got well known and rose to superstardom nearly simultaneously. During their time it was viewed as the clash of the blondies, they contended since adolescence and there is no unmistakable champ between the two. This youth rivalry in different occasions contributed enormously to the advancement of the two personality brands of the two vocalists. They were both skilled specialists, and their disparities are as convincing as their similitudes in the different parts of execution and diversion measurements (Beverly 2005). Aguilera and Spears were conceived in 1980 and 1981 individually and the two of them contended as little youngsters in the greater part of neighborhood rivalries during their adolescence. Their image advancement started as they acted in different intelligent abilities by trying out for The Mickey Mouse Club,†. This was a mainstream TV appear in USA where Aguilera tried out in 1991 and held up two years until she was more established. Aguilera supported her vocation in execution and singing checking rapidly her place as a diva with an incredible voice appropriate for singing. Britney Spears then again started her image creation in 1992 joining The Mickey Mouse Club† where Aguilera had marked a year back. This denoted the start of their image foundation being a piece of one group. Until the retraction in 1994 Spears and Aguilera remained on the show and they did some of various exhibitions together on the show. Credited to this reality is that the two

Sneak Peak PQs Best Undergraduate B-Schools -

Sneak Peak: PQs Best Undergraduate B-Schools by: Nathan Allen on December 04, 2018 | 0 Comments Comments 3,813 Views December 4, 2018For the third straight year,  PoetsQuants will publish its annual ranking of the Best Undergraduate Business Schools. This year, a total 0f 88 schools will be ranked — more than any previous year. The rankings will be published in entirety next Wednesday morning (December 12) at midnight Eastern Time.In addition to the rankings, in-depth profiles on all 88 schools to be ranked as well as five schools that submitted school survey data but did not meet the minimum alumni response rate to be included. A wealth of proprietary data based on the school and alumni surveys — including average SAT scores, employment data, acceptance rates, and average high school GPAs — will also be published.As always,  PQ will make available all the data used in its ranking as well as additional information such as the schools schools enrolling th e most U.S. minorities, international students, and first-generation college students. After the rankings go live, a series of stories will explore which schools leave students in the most debt and which ones offer the most generous scholarship grants.FOUR NEW SCHOOLS WILL BE IN THIS YEARS TOP TENLast year, the University of Pennsylvanias Wharton School topped the list. Wharton was followed by Washington University in St. Louis Olin Business School, the University of Virginia McIntire School of Commerce, the University of Notre Dame Mendoza School of Business, and Georgetown Universitys McDonough School of Business, respectively.  This years list features four new schools in the top ten. One school — Boston Colleges Carroll School of Management — is being ranked for the first time and debuted in the top ten.  (see the 2017 rankings here).PoetsQuants  Best Undergraduate Business Schools ranking is based on three key categories — admissions standards, the co llege experience, and career outcomes. Each category is weighted equally in the methodology (see How We Crunched The Numbers).  This year, just as we did in the previous two years, admissions standards are broken down by business school acceptance rates (30%), average SATs (35%), and percentage of students graduating in the top 10% of their high school class (35%).The college and business school experience is based entirely on responses to our extensive alumni survey. This year, however, we included results from last years survey to increase the sample size and boost the statistical validity of the results. Alumni results from this year were weighted 75%, while last years were given the remaining 25% weight. That was the only significant change in our methodology this year.BUSINESS REMAINS THE MOST POPULAR UNDERGRADUATE MAJOR IN THE U.S.The final third of the ranking is determined by career outcomes. The percentage of students with full-time employment within three months of gradu ation is given a 50% weight, while annual salary and signing bonus average is given a 30% weight and the percentage of students completing a business-related internship before graduation is weighted 20%.Business still remains the most popular major in the U.S. According to the most recent data (updated last March) from the National Center for Education Statistics, 372,000 business degrees were awarded during the 2015-2016 academic year. The next highest category was health professions and related categories, which awarded 229,000 during the same academic year.Of course, no ranking is perfect and a college decision should not be made on a ranking alone.  PQ publishes a wealth of data-based insights on the schools   and in-depth school profiles so readers may use this information as a launching place to explore and target their best choices for a quality business education. When the rankings are published next week, take the time to go through the stories and data to begin or aid the college search.THESE SCHOOLS WILL BE ON THE TOP TEN NEXT WEEKIn no order, here are this years top ten schoolsBoston College Carroll School of ManagementUniversity of California-Berkeley Haas School of BusinessCornell University Dyson School of Applied Economics and ManagementUniversity of Michigan Ross School of BusinessUniversity of Pennsylvania Wharton SchoolUniversity of Texas-Austin McCombs School of BusinessWashington University in St. Louis Olin Business SchoolUniversity of Virginia McIntire School of CommerceNew York University Stern School of BusinessVillanova University School of BusinessDONT MISS: BUSINESS SCHOOLS WITH THE BEST UNDERGRADUATE FINANCE PROGRAMS or 10 UNDERGRADUATE BUSINESS SCHOOLS TO WATCH IN 2018 Page 1 of 11

Philosophy Is Completely Different From Psychology

Philosophy is one of the most interesting subject. Many people assume and confuse it with psychology. Philosophy is completely different from psychology. Psychology is how a person feels about a topic, while philosophy is how you ought to feel about the topic. The purpose of philosophy is to understand an argument, not emotional, but logically. Only by truly understanding an argument, one can improve his/her thinking. Within philosophy, there are many ethical theories. Such theories include: the Divine Command Theory, Hedonism, Desire Theory, Ethical Relativism, and much more. In this term paper, I will discuss which theory I believe is the strongest and which theory I believe is the weakest. Regardless, there is no perfect theory. Each theory is without flaws. I believe act-utilitarianism is the strongest ethical theory presented in class. 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Marketing Project Essay - 1495 Words

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I plan to gear my service toward the person who has a simple problem, to the more learned computer user, and will call on my service without hesitation. My goal would be to make the customer feel comfortable no matter how insignificant the case. This is what would separate my business from the others. Pricing Strategy nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;I would be most likely accepted in the market in a penetration pricing strategy. First, my overhead would be minimal so cost of my service would best serve the public at a low start up price. Second, not many are willing to open their pocket books too wide after theyve already made a major purchase. 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Parliamentary Sovereignty

Question: Evaluate whether Parliament is sovereign, giving consideration to judicial power and the effect of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) on the law of England and Wales. Answer: Introduction The Doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignty is ingrained in the British Constitution; however, this is no longer absolute as the concept is evolving.[1] Historically, parliamentary sovereignty was held above all else[2] with the exception of the Doctrine of Implied Repeal as exemplified in Vauxhall Estates v Liverpool Corporation[3] where a future legislative assembly could not be bound by a sitting one through statute. Consequently, it is a logical assumption is that the judiciary cannot challenge the sovereignty of parliament as it has unlimited legislative powers superseding the courts.[4] In exercise of their judicial powers, courts have elicited great discourse on the impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) and the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) on the parliaments supremacy. It is, therefore, important to evaluate the evolution of this doctrine considering the concepts of judicial power and judicial review as per the provisions of the HRA 1998 and the ECHR. Parliamentary Sovereignty and HRA Act 1998 In theory, judicial power is defined as the authority exercised by an arm of government to hear, determine and make judgements.[5] Judges exercise their legislative power when they interpret statutes without any reference to members of parliament.[6] In the UK, sections 2 and 3(1) of the HRA 1998 give the judiciary interpretive powers on Conventional Rights and primary legislation in relation to these rights. All UK law is subject to interpretation in a manner that is compatible with the 1998 Act.[7] This leaves the power to enforce human rights with the judiciary; an increase in the courts powers at the expense of parliament.[8] There is a variance of opinion on the effect of the expansion of the courts judicial powers on parliamentary sovereignty. In R (Jackson) v Attorney General,[9] Lady Hale stated that by enacting the 1998 Act parliament had limited its own powers. This is because the provisions of the HRA 1998 provide judges with the obligation to surpass conventional domestic law while performing their interpretive duty.[10] It is important to note that the effectiveness of courts depends on the willingness of other arms of government to abide by their decisions.[11] In as much as courts are encouraged to be more radical in their interpretation, they can only do so within the current limits of law.[12] In re (S) (Care Order: Implementation of Care Plan),[13] the court held that the HRA 1998 aims to protect sovereignty and as such the previous courts ruling had unjustifiably exceeded its interpretive mandate and was instead altering law under the guise of interpretation.[14] Courts have the power, under judicial review, to assess the action of other government branches so as to determine their legality and constitutionality.[15]A victim of a decision, action or omission of a public authority can apply to the High Court to provide a remedy where the authority is found to have acted unlawfully.[16] This power is provided under section 6 of the HRA 1998 that forbids any public authority from executing its mandate in contradiction to the rights. A body is subject to judicial review in respect to its public functions regardless of whether it is statutory or not.[17] In R v Panel on Takeovers and Mergers[18] a non-statutory organisation was held as susceptible to judicial review as it was exercising public functions. Traditionally, the standard for judicial review under the HRA 1998 was the irrationality test set out in the Wednesbury[19] case by Lord Greene where the rationale of decisions was tested against the reasoning and moral standing of any logical man .[20] The HRA 1998 has given courts new powers of judicial review that enable them to challenge the decisions and actions of the government in human rights terms.[21] Parliament decisions can now be challenged thus creating a limit on parliamentary sovereignty.[22] In order to preserve this sovereignty, the declaration of incompatibility was created under section 4 of the 1998 Act to ensure that where an incompatibility arises parliament still gets the final say on how to address it.[23] As illustrated in the R (Anderson) [24] where the Home Secretarys powers remained lawful and in force, despite being rendered incompatible to the HRA 1998, until a new statute was enacted; declaration of incompatibility does not invalidate statute. Parliamentary Sovereignty and the ECHR When the court at Strasbourg rules in a case, articles 1 and 46(1) of the ECHR expect that the state in question takes the necessary legal initiative to ensure that any issues raised are addressed accordingly.[25] This constitutes the extent to which judges can make law under the Convention. The Convention has been interpreted as a living instrument a claim which Lord Judge stated meant that courts could legislate on issues which previously were under parliaments jurisdiction.[26] He believed that members of parliament should have ultimate supremacy over unelected judges of any jurisdiction unless they chose to surrender such supremacy.[27] With regard to their interpretive duty, Lord Bingham in Ullah v Special Adjudicator[28] summarised the mandate of domestic courts as merely to keep up with the evolution of jurisprudence at the international court.[29] This mirror principle has however been contested by Lord Irvine who believes that UK judges should not be restricted to the bare m inimum requirement in adjudging cases as stipulated in Ullah[30] but should critically analyse the cases themselves.[31] Internationally, parliamentary supremacy is challenged by the courts power of judicial review. The standard for judicial review compatible with the ECHR is that of proportionality.[32] Unlike the irrationality test, the onus probandi lies with the legislator rather than the victim.[33] In R (Daly) v Secretary for the Home Department[34] the House of Lords endorsed proportionality as the authoritative measure of review in human rights cases as it provided a stricter and more definite assessment.[35] According to Dr Pinto-Duschinsky, the expansion jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has created a democratic inadequacy that can be corrected by introducing an override, as is present in the HRA 1998, where the back still lies with parliament.[36] Conventions rights are protected under natural law which is supported by the government.[37] However, this does not empower parliament to nullify human rights.[38] The power of judicial review is vested in the Strasbourg co urt to ensure justice prevails as even democratically elected governments could be guilty of the gravest crimes.[39] Abnegation by parliament to adhere to the Courts decisions on any matters to which it is a party would only serve to challenge the UKs international standing.[40] Conclusion The HRA 1998 upholds parliamentary sovereignty as it denies UK courts powers to veto statute.[41] The Act contains a number of provisions to protect parliamentary sovereignty[42] the most significant being that parliament still has a say on whether to repeal or amend the law which the judiciary advises as incompatible.[43] However, the orthodox standing on Parliamentary Sovereignty has evolved due to the expansion of powers in the judicial arm of government. These expansions serve to check and balance the parliamentary supremacy with respect to the Doctrine of Separation of Powers. Parliament is, therefore, sovereign but only to the extent in which its decisions are compatible with Conventional and Human Rights. References BBC, European Court of Human Rights Risk to UK Sovereignty BBC News (United Kingdom, 28 December 2013) www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-25535327 accessed 29 August 2016 Bellamy B, Political Constitutionalism and the Human Rights Act (2011) 9 (1) ICON https://icon.oxfordjournals.org/content/9/1/86.full accessed 29 August 2016 Draft Voting Eligibility (Prisoners) HL Bill (2013-14) 13 www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/jt201314/jtselect/jtdraftvoting/103/10307.htm accessed 29 August 2016 Elliot M, The Three Dimensions of the Relationship between UK Law and the ECHR (Public Law for Everyone, 5 December 2013) https://publiclawforeveryone.com/2013/12/05/the-three-dimensions-of-the-relationship-between-uk-law-and-the-echr/ accessed 29 August 2016 Fenwick H, Phillipson G and Masterman R (eds), Judicial Reasoning under the UK Human Rights Act (CUP 2007) https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=7bQakM9B7TYCprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageqf=false accessed 29 August 2016 Gardner C, Lord Irvine: British Judges Should Decide Human Rights Cases for Themselves (Head of Legal, 14 December 2011) www.headoflegal.com/2011/12/14/lord-irvine-british-judges-should-decide-human-rights-cases-for-themselves/ accessed 29 August 2016 Gordon R and Ward T, Judicial Review and the Human Rights Act (Routledge 2013) Horne A and Miller V, Parliamentary Sovereignty and the European Convention on Human Rights ( House of Commons Library, 6 November 2014) https://commonslibraryblog.com/2014/11/06/parliamentary-sovereignty-and-the-european-convention-on-human-rights/ accessed 29 August 2016 Howard E, Is Parliamentary Sovereignty Now at Threat from the Judiciary? (2014) 1(1) The Undergraduate https://www.theundergraduateexeter.com/2014/03/human-rights-act-1998-parliamentary-sovereignty-judiciary/ accessed 29 August 2016 Kavanagh A, Statutory Interpretation and Human Rights after Anderson: A More Contextual Approach (2004) Public Law 540 Masterman R, The Separation of Powers in the Contemporary Constitution: Judicial Competence and Independence in the UK (CUP 2010) Thomas Raine, Judicial Review Under the Human Rights Act: A Culture of Justification (2013) 1 NELR 90 https://research.ncl.ac.uk/media/sites/researchwebsites/northeastlawreview/Thomas%20Raine.pdf accessed 29 August 2016 Andy Williams, UK Government Politics (Heinemann 1998) https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=6keDJpK0xL8Cprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageqf=false accessed 29 August 2016 -- How the Human Rights Act works (Liberty) www.liberty-human-rights.org.uk/human-rights/what-are-human-rights/human-rights-act/how-human-rights-act-works accessed 29 August 2016

Killing the Innocence in War, Justified or Murder

Abstract The debate surrounding the justification of deaths of innocent people caused by warring soldiers during war is a complicated issue to deal with. For fear of being attacked by disguised enemies, soldiers have ended up killing innocent civilians including older men, women, and children. While some people have argued that this may be acceptable, others think otherwise.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Killing the Innocence in War, Justified or Murder? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To a large extent, this is linked to the belief that human beings are mostly reasonable. Generally, killing of civilians during war time is regarded as a serious offence that should be dealt with carefully if the innocent have to receive protection. On the other hand, however, it is possible for warring soldiers to find themselves in difficult situations requiring them to act fast to protect themselves from attackers unknown to them. This is especially true whenever a soldier is fighting on the enemy’s soil. While it is ordinarily believed that most civilians especially women and children are the innocent ones, there are instances where they have been used by soldiers to ferry dangerous weapons to be used against the opponents. This has led to situations where a soldier ignores the fact a civilian may be innocent and goes ahead to kill in self defense. This is based on the fact that it may be difficult to determine the innocence of the civilian. To be on the safe side, soldiers generally regard every person as a potential threat. Introduction The appeal to what would cause outrage in the general sentiments of humanity is a common way to think about the elements of normal moral perception of which each person is thought to be capable. Certain things are thought to be so heinous that any person would be outraged when perceiving them. The killing of civilians during war time is one of the commonly cite d examples of this kind of monstrous act (May, 2005). But consider, for a moment, the conditions of war fare when one is acting in enemy territory. In some war time situations, every person, soldier or civilian, is a potential threat. If the civilians seem to be unarmed, and the soldiers are armed, then the idea of the civilians as potential threats is only partially blunted, because the soldiers often do not know which civilians are members of the enemy forces.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Arguments for and Against Killing the Innocent in War It is clearly an outrage against the sentiments of humanity for soldiers to kill civilian men, women, and children? Initially, it seems that the answer would be clearly yes, as was held by the American military tribunal that convicted Lieutenant Calley. The shooting of seemingly unarmed civilians, especially children, at point blank range, appea red to be morally outrageous. Virtually, all societies have had strong moral prohibitions against the taking of innocent life (McMahan, 2009). The standard morally acceptable bases for justified killings, whether in self defense or in defense of others, can not be seen to justify killing those who do not have the capacity to harm or kill a well armed, typically male, adult soldier. Ordinarily, soldiers are trained to kill. When soldiers follow their training, and kill, it is not as much of an outrage as it would be for a non soldier to engage in such killing. But when a soldier or non soldier kills an innocent person, especially a child, this is considered to be enough of an outrage to our civilized instincts to think that it should be heavily sanctioned so as to prevent future acts of this sort at almost any cost (Buhk, 2012). In My Lai massacre, it is uncontested that Lieutenant Calley and his men killed more than 100 unarmed civilian men, women, and children. However, as one read s through the various court opinions in the case, there is quite a lot of disagreement of how best to characterize these killings. As pointed out earlier, the military tribunal found Calley guilty of war crimes, and the Court of Military Review upheld the conviction. But the first civilian court to consider the case took a very different position. Here is how the U.S. District Court characterized some of the facts: The petitioner was 25 years of age and had been an enlisted man for approximately 14 years. The petitioner’s first assignment in Vietnam was at Doc Pho. This was the first indoctrination about the character of the potential enemy. He was told that women were as dangerous as men, and that children were even more dangerous because they were unsuspected. He was also informed that women were frequently better shots than the men and that the children were used to plant mines and booby traps. During Calley’s earlier limited missions, the unit was continually subje ct to fire from unknown and unseen individuals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Killing the Innocence in War, Justified or Murder? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A number of men in the company had been killed or wounded and prior to the operation at My Lai, they had never seen the persons responsible for the death or injuries of their buddies. Consequently, the formed the opinion that civilians were in part responsible. When Calley was supposedly to go to My Lai and kill everyone there, his background assumption seems to have been that all the people in the village, including men, women, and children, were enemies and potential threats. The U.S. District Court, therefore, granted Calley’s petition for habeas corpus relief in part because of how it understood the facts. On the other hand, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit reversed the U.S. District, also at least in part because of its very different construal of the factual record. In reversing the U.S. District Court, the Circuit Court of Appeals seemed to see the My Lai incident as nothing other than a slaughter of unarmed, unresisting old men, women, and children. What complicated the picture in My Lai was that the distinction between civilian and combatant had become blurred, with even fairly small children being used to transport weapons. So while there may be strong sentiments against the killing of civilians, especially children, there was a possible defense in the case of My Lai that might have been an exception to the moral judgment about what was normally acceptable or appropriate behavior. For there was reason, according to the US District Court, to believe that some civilians, and even some children, could be trying to inflict injury or death on the American soldiers in this Vietnamese hamlet.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At Calley’s military trial, and also in the US Circuit Court of Appeals, such reasons were indeed considered and rejected, after much discussion and debate. However, the US District Court seemed to believe that some of the civilians who were killed might have been thought to be threats to the soldiers in Lieutenant Calley’s unit. In retrospect, it seems that the District Court opinion was seriously flawed. For even if Calley had feared that the civilians in the My Lai hamlet might be enemy soldiers in disguise, they gave no indication that they were armed or that they were posing an immediate threat to Calley and his men. According to McMahan (2009), the moralized notion of a combatant as anyone who poses a threat in war is different from the legal notion. In law, combatant status is accorded to persons who satisfy certain criteria, such as disguising themselves visibly at a distance by some conventional sign, carrying their arms openly, subordinating themselves to a h ierarchy of authority and command, and obeying the laws of war. Failure to satisfy such criteria can result in the forfeiture of combatant status under the law. While combatants in this legal sense are all presumed to pose a threat, not all of those who pose a threat in war are combatants in this sense. While all those who pose a threat in war are combatants in the moral sense, a major problem in war theory is that there are many people who pose a threat in war who would not be considered combatants by anyone (McMahan, 2009). In partial defense of the District Court, I would point out that we do not always require soldiers to prove that enemy soldiers pose an immediate threat before it is considered justifiable to kill them. It may be too late by the time it discovered that suspected enemy soldiers are concealing not only their identities but also their weapons. The point here is not to argue that Calley should have been relieved of responsibility, but only to indicate that even in this seemingly clear case, two courts came to different conclusions about how to regard the My Lai massacre based on how they reconstructed the threat faced by Calley and his men in Vietnam. This discussion does not call into question the normal sentiment that innocent life should be preserved. Rather, what is uncertain is the very judgment that a certain adult or even a child is to be seen as an innocent person. And yet it is this judgment, really a matter of moral perception, which is crucial to the determination of whether it was indeed an outrage for Lieutenant Calley’s unit to kill civilians in the hamlet of My Lai in Vietnam. Defenses against Killing In the US tort law, one way to make sense of whether one is liable for a given harm that he or she did not intend to cause is to ask whether one violated a duty of care owed to the person armed (May, 2005). To ascertain if one had such a duty, one looks, among other things, at what the burden would have been to the agent if he or she had conformed to the duty. If the crucial issue before us concerns the possible culpable ignorance or moral negligence of soldiers, then the tort analysis of duty and negligence becomes relevant. What makes many battlefield situations so tragic is that the cost of acting with due care toward civilians is often that the soldiers risk death to themselves. In non battlefield situations, one is hardly ever faced with imminent death if he or she exercises due care towards others in his or her life. It is for this reason that the superior orders defense shows up most commonly in the battlefield situations, and not very often off the battlefield. It may be helpful to think of conspiracy as a model of most types of shared or collective responsibility. If Susan, Smith, and Alex recruit Peter to drive a gateway car in a bank robbery scheme cooked up by Susan, then it makes sense to think of all four as collectively responsible for the resulting bank robbery. This is especially appa rent if Peter is paid well for his contribution and understands perfectly, how her contribution to this joint venture will aid in its successful completion. The driver, Peter, is a cog in a machine like enterprise that will make the robbery possible in ways that would not be true if any of the four people involved were acting on their own or in only a loosely connected manner. For this reason, they are collectively responsible for the results of their joint undertaking. Their individual responsibility will depend on the role that each plays in the joint venture. Suppose that while Peter is driving away from the scene of the crime pedestrian steps off a curb in the path of the gang’s fleeing car. Peter, generally a compassionate person begins to apply the brake, but Susan, the insensitive ring leader puts a gun to Peter’s head and urges him to drive on to avoid being court. Should Peter be held responsible for the injuries of the pedestrian as well as for the robbery? O n the assumption that one held a gun to Peter’s head to get him to join the conspiracy in the first place, Peter seems to be in a different moral position with respect to the pedestrian’s injuries than with respect to the robbery itself. Certainly, Peter appeared to have a choice of whether to join the robbery conspiracy, but not much of a choice about whether to run down the pedestrian. Was it a moral choice of Peter to ignore the order given by Susan? There are many parallel cases in international law, such as when a soldier or subordinate feels that his or her life is threatened if he or she does not follow orders. The same consideration should be operative, making us reluctant to say that in such situations, there is a moral choice available to the soldier (Kurtz Turpin, 1999). In cases of collective guilt, subtleties of context are still relevant in determining how to apportion blame to the members of the group, especially concerning legal blame and guilt (Buhk, 2012). It is, however, important to place the reasonable person standard into the specific context that the actual person was faced with. In order to do this, it is often necessary to bring in some of the beliefs of the actual person in considering what a reasonable person would have done. On the other hand, battlefield situations are so abnormal that it will often be hard to merely drop a reasonable person into a situation without taking into account how the actual person in question reacted to the situation. On several occasions, war crime tribunals have had to decide what price is too high to pay in order to expect people to reasonably exercise due care not to injure one another. In the case of Lieutenant Calley, it may be true that he and his soldiers feared for their own lives if they did not do what they thought they had been legitimately ordered to do. In Calley’s case, he never claimed that someone literally had a gun to his head, forcing him to shoot the civilians. I n the same way, his concern that the seemingly innocent civilians might be enemies in disguise was not sufficient to establish the proposition that he had no other moral choice but to follow orders, for it is important to consider what sort of threat those civilians posed. If the killings of the civilians had been clearly and unambiguously wrong, then Calley would have needed a very strong showing that he had no moral choice but to do what was clearly and unambiguously wrong. An important question that to be asked is whether a reasonable person in Calley’s situation would believe that these civilians posed a threat to his safety, and that of his troops. If so, then perhaps even moral choice was restricted in this situation. Conclusion Much philosophical discussion about political violence is taken up with argument about whether and to what extent acts of violence can be justified as a means to good ends. According to Kurtz and Turpin (1999), there are limit on what may justif iably be done in pursuit of good or worthy ends. Even though many actions can be justified by their beneficial consequences, some actions are simply wrong in themselves. Some people typically take the view that, other than in circumstances of war, the only acceptable justification for violence is that of self defense or defense of others from wrongful attack. Persons have moral rights not to be wrongfully injured or killed, and consequently, they have rights to defend themselves against wrongful physical attacks. It is also sometimes argued that to violently attack someone who is not engaged in or threatening violence is a kin to punishing an innocent person. Conversely, one who engages in wrongful violence against another may be said to have relinquished his or her normal rights to be attacked. We can only be justified in using as much violence against an attacker, however, as is required to defend ourselves. From the arguments presented in this paper, it is apparent that one of th e tests of whether an act of the defendant violates the requirement by law is if the act shocks the conscience of humanity. In most cases, there is an overlap of the law and morality indicating the relevance of moral matters to questions of whether a crime was committed wrongfully or not. It is, therefore, important for the court to exercise considerable restraint in prosecuting, convicting, and sentencing soldiers for deaths occurring during war. References Buhk, T. T. (2012). True Crime in the Civil War: Cases of Murder, Treason, Counterfeiting, Massacre, Plunder, Abuse. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. Kurtz, L.R. Turpin, J. E. (1999). Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, and Conflict. Massachusetts: Academic Press. May, L. (2005). Crimes against Humanity: A Normative Account. New York: Cambridge University Press. McMahan, J. (2009). Killing in War. New York: Cambridge University Press. This essay on Killing the Innocence in War, Justified or Murder? was written and submitted by user Jasiah David to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Mexican War essays

Mexican War essays The Mexican War by Otis A. Singletary This book by Otis A. Singletary deals with different aspects of the Mexican war. It is a compelling description and concise history of the first successful offensive war in United States military history. The work examines two countries that were unprepared for war. The political intrigues and quarrels in appointing the military commanders, as well as the military operations of the war, are presented and analyzed in detail. The author also analyzes the role that the Mexican War played in bringing on the U.S. Civil War. The Mexican-American War of the 1840s, precipitated by border disputes and the U.S. annexation of Texas, ended with the military occupation of Mexico City by General Winfield Scott. In the subsequent treaty, the United States gained territory that would become California, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and parts of Wyoming and Colorado. Mr. Singletary has been remarkably successful, despite the brevity of his book, in describing with important details the Mexican War. The book can be break into two main parts. The first part gives background which explains different reasons that played a decisive role for the break out of the war, and it relates the different campaigns that allowed the invasion of northern Mexico and the city of Mexico. The second half of the book deals with the way politician and generals behave during the war, and the book ends touching the role played by diplomacy in this war. The book has been organized in chronological order, which gives to the readers the opportunity to follow the events of the war without confusion. But it is not only a mere account of dates and events, because it explains briefly but concisely every decision making before the occurring of battle. The book uses maps and pictures. Maps and pictures are really helpful in visualizing what is being described, and they allow having and idea of how it was during this war. ...

Use the sources below to extend the paper to a 4-pages research(MLA Essay

Use the sources below to extend the paper to a 4-pages research(MLA Style) - Essay Example At Southern most labors the slaves were freed, the following new issues were different with the antebellum U.S. As the winner, the changes between the Northern which promoted the industrial capitalism and the freed slavery south was embedded after the Civil War was ended. The most popular questions were: would the Black people go or stay? Where should the 4 million go or stay? Under the wave of abolishing the slavery, the capitalism creates a special group: The Sharecropper. What influence did sharecropping have, and was it good or bad for the black people? Who started sharecropping? Was the situation the same as the president Lincoln had suggested? What influenced the U.S. and what was different between sharecropping and slavery? My opinion on this is that sharecropping did not change the black people’s situation and it did not lead the African Americans to an economic independence and autonomy fundamentally â€Å"All facts suggest that black sharecropper’s income was less than white sharecropper’s income. This is not astonishing given the history of slavery, which was bestowed to the blacks† (Federico 261). So, what is sharecropping? Sharecropping is a way of agriculture in which a landowner allows their tenant to utilize their land in return for a split of the crops produced on the land. The tenant signs a contract for such arrangements. Somehow this seemed like freedom for the blacks, but it was not. â€Å"Sharecroppers compensated their lease to the landlord as portions of their crop yield; this gave room for exploitation by the landlords† (Roumasset and James 640). Sharecropping, along with tenant farming, was a dominant form in the cotton and especially in the South from the period between 1870s to the 1950s, among both whites and blacks, but it is largely disappearing since 1966 when Civil Rights and the Workers Union abolished Peonage (Forced Labor). The word,

Reality Tv Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Reality Tv - Research Paper Example Media plays a great role in keeping the society updated on current issues and entertainment among other benefits to the society, but it can turn to be disastrous when ethical issues are not well considered. Media could promote pornography, propaganda and false/doctored information, which promote culture rot and immorality among other negative societal traits (Kieran, 39). Ethics applies in different areas in the media industry, and each country has established ethical guidelines to guide each media personality depending on the type of interaction he/she have with the audience. Media personalities in their profession must understand the prevailing ethical and legal guidelines in the industry. They act as the eye or mind openers of the society. They are required to inform the society on the current occurrences or happenings in the economical, political, entertainment, religion, Educational, governance and health among other societal issues. The majority of the media personalities are t he role models or mentors to several individuals, more so the teenagers, who are likely to take over media personalities’ dress style, walk style and language among other issues. It would be better if the media personalities consider some ethics in the career to mentor or encourage development of responsible and respective society members. It is worth mentioning that media is among the most complex careers, due to the nature of interaction it has with the public. Everyone is always watching eager to learn the current happenings, any slightest mistake or misconduct may compromise their respect and relationship with the public. News manipulation forms one of the ethical issues in the media industry. It is the omission or alterations of some elements in the news in favors of certain individuals or community. This is common with politics where some political aspirants or leaders may use his/her power or office to influence whatever is being conveyed to the public. Some media comp anies may also manipulate media content on some bribes or tokens by the wealthy and influential political class. Although there is no specific law describing certain consequences to such act, but a company may lose the public trust. Some external stakeholders like advertising companies or agencies may cut their links and deals with such media company. Social researchers more so in developing nations indicate that major civil and international wars have been caused by the manipulation or doctoring of the actual facts. The audience or viewers will have no time to evaluate the news or any other media content but take to the streets and cause havoc. Manipulating the news is more about telling lies to the public and this is demoralizing. Some of the modern media companies do not observe certain international media ethical standards. The advancement of technology implies some life changes like dress code, entertainment as well as relationships among other aspects of human life. Media pers onalities hardly consider their career ethics so long as their audience is entertained or contented. Modern ladies in the media companies wear short and sex appealing uncomfortable dresses to keep the male audience attracted. This may be appealing to the younger generation unlike older adults who appreciate good morals. Media personalit

Valero Energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Valero Energy - Essay Example 4. Critically discuss whether Valero Energy has diversified its products and services. Provide 3 recommendations with a timeframe included of how Valero Energy can create better value through diversification of its corporate-level strategy. 5. Critically discuss whether Valero Energy has created and sustained a competitive advantage through its business-level strategy. Provide 3 examples of different environmental influencers that have affected its business-level strategy. [1] Valero is a refiner of oil feedstock. It buys oil from companies that extract them from the ground and Valero turns the stuff into clean fuel and other products like plastics, asphalt, aromatics, etc. that it sells to other companies. Valero’s entrepreneurial philosophy is closer to that of a small family business where all who work for it feel that they have a stake in the success and profitability of the company. In a June 2006 interview with HR Magazine, Valero’s first CEO (who retired in 2005) admitted that the concern of management is basically how to take care of its people so that they improve their operations, increase refining capacity and yield, and help run the company better. Profits usually follow because the people are happy working for the company. Since 1980, the company has taken care of its people – it has not laid off a single employee in the last twenty-nine years – and so has the luxury of getting the best among those who apply for jobs there, rewarding them for their contributions to the company. Process and product innovations at Valero are managed by sharing the R&D expertise of researchers for its four fuel (gasoline, diesel, jet fuel and renewables) and eight specialty (aromatics, asphalt, propane, sulfur, base and process oils, petroleum coke, solvents and natural gas liquids) products following the basic guidelines of being environment-friendly,

The Puzzling Message of Figure in the Carpet :: Figure in the Carpet Essays

The Puzzling Message of Figure in the Carpet At the beginning of "The Figure in the Carpet", the main character considers the criticism of literature to be a career, something he does for money. "I had done a few things and earned a few pence" (p. 357), declares the narrator in the opening line. He says later in the paragraph that having an advanced copy of a prominent novel to review was desirable because it would advance his career: "Öand whatever much or little it should do for his reputation I was clear on the spot as to what it should do for mine." (p. 357) The character sees Vereker's work as a vehicle to advance his career. There seems to be little excitement as to the content of Vereker's work, the reader is never given even so much as the subject matter of a Vereker novel. Instead, all of the focus of the opening scenes is directed towards the narrator's struggle to become a renowned critic. Henry James is contrasting the practice of literary criticism with the ideal of what literary criticism should be. Even the characters that seem to be in the purest pursuit of Vereker's great secret, Corvick and Gwendolen, will not share it with their friends. When they discover it, they all want to publish it for themselves. Vereker himself seems to hold the literary critics in the book in contempt, citing their lack of vision. Vereker speaks to the narrator at several points in the novel, "You miss it, my dear fellow, with inimitable assurance; the fact that your being awfully clever and your article's being very awfully nice doesn't make a hairs breadth of difference." (p.365) The work of a literary critic in Vereker's eyes is to find the figure in the carpet. Which is to say that what a literary critic and readers of literature should do is to look for a deeper meaning or context in works of literature. Vereker is upset because the critics fail to grasp the deeper meaning in his works. James himself must have been quite upset at the critics of his day. Influential critics can make or break a writer. More than anyone else, critics can sway how people perceive the work of an author. As James illustrates in the story, critics are not to be trusted as authority.

Effects of Agriculture Essay

Because it was tremendously essential for survival, had a monumental impact immediately on society and continues to affect us even to this day, agriculture was the most influential development of the early civilizations. The people of the first civilizations needed agriculture because it was an easy, more efficient way of obtaining food. The early peoples had to hunt and gather their food, and, â€Å"Hunting depended on the careful observation of behavioral patterns† (Duiker, W. J. & Spielvogel, J. J. 2001). It must have been challenging to always be moving and searching, just so they could find food that day. However, deciding to stop and grow food, in one reachable convenient location, would have solved the issue of having to go through all the extra steps of hunting down animals. After a long time of humans living successfully in the Old Stone Age, and ice age occurred cause a devastating drought, which killed off most of the vegetation. â€Å"All living things started clustering around sources such as lakes and river† (Howe, H. , & Howe, R. T. 1992). Because all living things clustered around water sources, there was more competition, human and non-human alike, for the already diminished food supply. Naturally, the people of the early civilizations would need to grow their own food in order to sustain their population. Shortly after farming’s conception many life-changing discoveries, like trade, were made. â€Å"Some people became artisan, made weapons, and jewelry that were traded with neighbors† (Duiker, W. J. & Spielvogel, J. J. 2001). When people started to farm they began producing more food then they need. These food surpluses allowed people to do other things with their time such as, make weapons and jewelry that could in turn be traded for other people’s goods. The change to farming also immediately affected the relationships between men and women. â€Å"Men assumed the primary responsibility for working in the fields and herding animals, jobs that kept them away from the home. Women remained behind caring for the children and weaving cloth, making cheese from milk, and jobs that required considerable labor in one place† (Duiker, W. J. & Spielvogel, J. J. 2001). The men had to go work in the fields because planting, growing and harvesting crops required long hours of great physical labor that the women couldn’t take. Also the work in the fields was seen as more important, and so men assumed a more dominant role in society. Not only did agriculture immediately change society, but the changes it created are still evident today. Trade is done in the almost same way and for the same reasons as in ancient times. People still make goods and perform services in exchange for something else. However, rather than exchanging work for another good or service, people today use the cash system. In the cash system people provide labor so they get money in return. The money they earn can then be used to by various products or services. The relationship between men and women established because of agriculture is prevalent today as well. Not only do men still have a more dominant role in society but they still do more difficult and important work. The standard of men working while the women stay home and care for the house is still typical for families today. If the women do work though, they almost never have physically demanding jobs with long, hard hours like being a construction worker or farmer. Also not only are the vast majority of politicians, C. E. O. s, business owners, and other powerful workers men, but men also more often than not get paid higher than women. Truly, because of the fact the early people needed a more steady food source, it almost instantaneously changed humankind, and it evidently still affects the world today, agriculture was the most significant advancement of the early peoples. Bibliography Duiker, W. J. & Spielvogel, J. J. , (2001) Third Edition World History Comprehensive Volume. assBelmont, CA: Thomson Learning, Inc. Howe, H. , & Howe, R. T. , (1992) A World History. White Plains, NY: Longman

Tata Corus Case - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1862 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/09/22 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Abstract: |On January 31, 2007, Tata Steel Limited (Tata Steel), one of the |[pic][pic][pic] | |leading steel producers in India, acquired the Anglo Dutch steel | | |producer Corus Group Plc (Corus) for US$ 12. 11 billion (â‚ ¬ 8. 5 | | |billion). The process of acquisition concluded only after nine | | |rounds of bidding against the other bidder for Corus the Brazil | | |based Companhia Siderurgica Nacional (CSN). | | | | | |This acquisition was the biggest overseas acquisition by an Indian| | |company. Tata Steel emerged as the fifth largest steel producer in| | |the world after the acquisition. The acquisition gave Tata Steel | | |access to Corus strong distribution network in Europe. | | Corus expertise in making the grades of steel used in automobiles and in aerospace could be used to boost Tata Steels supplies to the Indian automobile market. Corus in turn was expected to benefit from Tata Steels expertise in low cost manufacturing of steel. However, some f inancial experts claimed that the price paid by Tata Steel (608 pence per share of Corus) for the acquisition was too high. Corus had been facing tough times and had reported a substantial decline in profit after tax in the year 2006. Analysts asked whether the deal would really bring any substantial benefits to Tata Steel. Moreover, since the acquisition was done through an all cash deal, analysts said that the acquisition would be a financial burden for Tata Steel. Issues:  » Gain an in-depth knowledge about various corporate valuation techniques. Critically examine the rationale behind the acquisition of Corus by Tata Steel.  » Understand the advantages and disadvantages of cross-border acquisitions.  » Understand the need for growth through acquisitions in foreign countries.  » Study the regulations governing mergers acquisitions in the case of a cross-border acquisition.  » Get insights into the consolidation trends in the Indian and global steel industries. Contents : |   |Page No. |Introduction |1 | |Background Note |2 | |Tata Steel Vs CSN: The Bidding War |4 | |Financing the Acquisition |5 | |The Integration Efforts |7 | |The Synergies |8 | |The Pitfalls |9 | |The Road Ahead |10 | |Exhibits | | The financials for this deal [require] high performance levels, perfect post-deal execution and sustained high steel prices. It is a risky game and will be okay for Tata as long as the economy is growing and no major bumps occur. If [these bumps] do occur, they can become a challenge, and I am reminded of the high leverage days of the mid-1980s. 1 Vivek Gupta, Managing Director, AT Kearney (India), in February 2007. Indian steel companies are on a consolidation mode. The Tata-Corus deal has set many records. So far, the only $1 billion-plus deal was done by ONGC, and its the first milestone for India Inc, with the Tata deal crossing $10 billion mark. Its a landmark deal since an Indian company has taken over an international company three times i ts size. 2 S. Mukherji, Managing Director, ICICI Securities, in February 2007. Introduction |On January 31, 2007, India based Tata Steel Limited (Tata Steel) |[pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] | |acquired the Anglo Dutch steel company, Corus Group Plc (Corus) | | |for US$ 13. 0 billion3. The merged entity, Tata-Corus, employed | | |84,000 people across 45 countries in the world. It had the | | |capacity to produce 27 million tons of steel per annum, making it | | |the fifth largest steel producer in the world as of early 2007 | | |(Refer Exhibit I for the top ten players in the steel industry | | |after the merger). Commenting on the acquisition, Ratan Tata, | | |Chairman, Tata Sons, said, Together, we are a well balanced | | |company, strategically well placed to compete at the leading edge | | |of a rapidly changing global steel industry. 4 | | Tata Steel outbid the Brazilian steelmaker Companhia Siderurgica Nacionals (CSN) final offer of 603 pence per share by offering 608 penc e per share to acquire Corus. |[pic][pic][pic] |Tata Steel had first offered to pay 455 pence per share of Corus, | | |to close the deal at US$ 7. 6 billion on October 17, 2006. CSN then| | |offered 475 pence per share of Corus on November 17, 2006. | | | | | |Finally, an auction5 was initiated on January 31, 2007, and after | | |nine rounds of bidding, Steel could finally clinch the deal with | | |its final bid 608 pence per share, almost 34% higher than the | | |first bid of 455 pence per share of Corus. | | | | |Many analysts and industry experts felt that the acquisition deal | | |was rather expensive for Tata Steel and this move would overvalue | | |the steel industry world over. | Tata Steels Acquisition of Corus Next Page [pic] Top of Form |[pic] |[pic]Enter your search terms [pic]Submit search form [pic] | |[pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] | Bottom of Form [pic] [pic] | | | |[pic] | |Marketing Financial Products |Case Studies in Finance Vol II I | |Textbooks Collection |[pic] | | |[pic] | | |Case Study Volumes Collection | 1] Did Tata Steel Overheat in its Zeal to Win Corus? [emailprotected], February 08, 2007. ] Tata Win Booster for Corporate Indias Confidence, The Economic Times, February 01, 2007. 3] As on January 31, 2007, 1 US Dollar = 44. 18 INR and 1 Pound = 86. 73 INR. 4] Tata Steel Completes Acquisition of European Steelmaker Corus, International Herald Tribune, April 03, 2007. 5] Since Tata Steel and CSN could not declare their final offer by January 31, 2007, an auction had to be initiated by The Takeover Panel which oversees mergers and acquisitions in the UK. Introduction Contd |Commenting on the deal, Sajjan Jindal, Managing Director, Jindal |[pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] | |South West Steel said, The price paid is expensive ll steel | | |companies may get re-rated now but its a good deal for the | | |industry. 6 Despite the worries of the deal being expensive for | | |Tata Steel, industry experts were opt imistic that the deal would | | |enhance Indias position in the global steel industry with the | | |worlds largest7 and fifth largest steel producers having roots in| | |the country. Stressing on the synergies that could arise from this| | |acquisition, Phanish Puram, Professor of Strategic and | | |International Management, London Business School said, The | | |Tata-Corus deal is different because it links low-cost Indian | | |production and raw materials and growth markets to high-margin | | |markets and high technology in the West. | | The cost advantage of operating from India can be leveraged in Western markets, and differentiation based on better technology from Corus can work in the Asian markets. 8 |[pic][pic][pic] |Background Note | | |Tata Steel | | | | | |Tata Steel is a part of the Tata Group, one of the largest | | |diversified business conglomerates in India. Tata Group companies | | |generated revenues of Rs. 967,229 million in the financial year | | |2005-06. | | | | |The groups market capitalization was US$ 63 billion as of July | | |2007 (only 28 of the 96 Tata Group companies were publicly | | |listed). In 1907, Jamshedji Tata established Tata Steel at Sakchi | | |in West Bengal. The site had a good supply of iron ore and | | |water | Excerpts Tata Steel Vs CSN: The Bidding War There was a heavy speculation surrounding Tata Steels proposed takeover of Corus ever since Ratan Tata had met Leng in Dubai, in July 2006. On October 17, 2006, Tata Steel made an offer of 455 pence a share in cash valuing the acquisition deal at US$ 7. 6 billion. Corus responded positively to the offer on October 20, 2006. Agreeing to the takeover, Leng said, This combination with Tata, |[pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] | |for Corus shareholders and employees alike, represents the right | | |partner at the right time at the right price and on the right | | |terms. In the first week of November 2006, there were reports in | | |media that Tata was joining hands with Corus to acquire the | | |Brazilian steel giant CSN which was itself keen on acquiring | | |Corus. On November 17, 2006, CSN formally entered the foray for | | |acquiring Corus with a bid of 475 pence per share. In the light of| | |CSNs offer, Corus announced that it would defer its extraordinary| | |meeting of shareholders to December 20, 2006 from December 04, | | |2006, in order to allow counter offers from Tata Steel and CSN | | Financing the Acquisition By the first week of April 2007, the final draft of the financing structure of the acquisition was worked out and was presented to the Corus Pension Trusties and the Works Council by the senior management of Tata Steel. The enterprise value of Corus including debt and other costs was estimated at US$ 13. 7 billion (Refer Table I for fund raising mix for the Corus acquisition) [pic][pic][pic] |The Integration Efforts | | |Industry experts felt that Tata Steel should adopt a light handed| | |integrationapproach, which meant tha t Ratan Tata should bring in | | |some changes in Corus but not attempt a complete overhaul of | | |Corussystems (Refer Exhibit XI and Exhibit XII for projected | | |financials of Tata-Corus). N Venkiteswaran, Professor, Indian | | |Institute of Management, Ahmedabad said, â€Å"If the target company is| | |managed well, there is no need for a heavy-handed integration. It | | |makes sense for the Tatas to allow the existing management to | | |continue as before | The Synergies |Most experts were of the opinion that the acquisition did make |[pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] | |strategic sense for Tata Steel. After successfully acquiring | |Corus, Tata Steel became the fifth largest producer of steel in | | |the world, up from fifty-sixth position. | | | | | |There were many likely synergies between Tata Steel, the | | |lowest-cost producer of steel in the world, and Corus, a large | | |player with a significant presence in value-added steel segment | | |and a strong distribution ne twork in Europe. Among the benefits to| | |Tata Steel was the fact that it would be able to supply | | |semi-finished steel to Corus for finishing at its plants, which | | |were located closer to the high-value markets | | The Pitfalls Though the potential benefits of the Corus deal were widely appreciated, some analysts had doubts about the outcome and effects on Tata Steels performance. They pointed out that Corus EBITDA (earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization) at 8 percent was much lower than that of Tata Steel which was at 30 percent in the financial year 2006-07 [pic][pic][pic] |The Road Ahead | | |Before the acquisition, the major market for Tata Steel was India. | | |The Indian market accounted for sixty nine percent of the | | |companys total sales. | | | | | |Almost half of Corus production of steel was sold in Europe | | |(excluding UK). The UK consumed twenty nine percent of its | | |production. | | | | | |After the acquisition, the European ma rket (including UK) would | | |consume 59 percent of the merged entitys total production (Refer | | |Table III for the spread of Tata-Corus markets before and after | | |the acquisition) |Tata Steels Acquisition of Corus |  |Top of Form | |Case Details | |++ Font | Font | |Case Intro 1 | |Bottom of Form | |Case Intro 2 | | | |Excerpts | | | | | |ICMR HOME | Case Studies Collection | | | | | | | |Case Details: | | | | | | | |Case Code : FINC049 | | | |Case Length : 27 Pages | | | |Period : 2006-2007 | | | |Pub. Date : 2008 | | | |Teaching Note : Available | | | |Organization : Tata Steel Limited, Corus Group Plc | | | |Industry : Iron Steel | | | |Countries : India, Netherlands | | | | | | | |To download Tata Steels Acquisition of Corus case study | | | |(Case Code: FINC049) click on the button below, and select | | | |the case from the list of available cases: | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |Price: | | | | | | | |For delivery in electronic format: Rs. 00; | | | |For deliv ery through courier (within India): Rs. 400 + Rs. | | | |25 for Shipping Handling Charges | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |Gadgets powered by Google | | | | | | | | » Finance Case Studies | | | | » Short Case Studies | | | | » View Detailed Pricing Info | | | | » How To Order This Case | | | | » Business Case Studies | | | | » Case Studies by Area | | | | » Case Studies by Industry | | | | » Case Studies by Company | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |Top of Form | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic][pic][pic] | | | | | | | |[pic]Web | | | |[pic]icmrindia. rg | | | | | | | |[pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] | | | | | | | |Bottom of Form | | | |[pic][pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |Please note: | | | | | | | |This case study was compiled from published sources, and is| | | |intended to be used as a basis for class discussion. It is | | | |not intended to illustrate either effective or ineffective | | | |handling of a management situation. Nor i s it a primary | | | |information source. | |[pic][pic][pic] | | | | Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Tata Corus Case" essay for you Create order