Samuel Morse and the Invention of the Telegraph

The word telegraph is derived from Greek and means to write far, which describes exactly what a telegraph does. At the height of its use,  telegraph technology involved a worldwide system of wires with stations and operators and messengers, that carried messages and news by electricity faster than any other invention before it. Pre-Electricity Telegraphy Systems The first crude telegraph system was made without electricity. It was a system of semaphores or tall poles with movable arms, and other signaling apparatus, set within physical sight of one another. There was such a telegraph line between Dover and London at during the Battle of Waterloo; that related the news of the battle, which had come to Dover by ship, to an anxious London, when a fog set in (obscuring the line of sight) and the Londoners had to wait until a courier on horseback arrived. Electrical Telegraph The electrical telegraph is one of Americas gifts to the world. The credit  for this invention belongs to Samuel Finley Breese Morse. Other inventors had discovered the principles of the telegraph, but Samuel Morse was the first to understand the practical significance of those facts and was the first to take steps to make a practical invention; which took him 12 long years of work. Early Life of  Samuel Morse Samuel Morse was born in 1791, in Charlestown, Massachusetts. His father was a Congregational minister and a scholar of high standing, who was able to send his three sons to Yale College. Samuel (or Finley, as he was called by his family) attended Yale at the age of fourteen and was taught by Benjamin Silliman, Professor of Chemistry, and Jeremiah Day, Professor of Natural Philosophy, later President of Yale College, whose teaching gave Samuel the education which in later years led to the invention of the telegraph. Mr. Days lectures are very interesting, the young student wrote home in 1809; they are upon electricity; he has given us some very fine experiments, the whole class taking hold of hands form the circuit of communication and we all receive the shock apparently at the same moment. Samuel Morse the Painter Samuel Morse was  a gifted  artist; in fact, he earned a part of his college expenses painting miniatures at five dollars apiece. He even decided at first to become an artist rather than an inventor. Fellow student Joseph M. Dulles of Philadelphia wrote the following about Samuel, Finley [Samuel Morse] bore the expression of gentleness entirely... with intelligence, high culture, and general information, and with a strong bent to the fine arts. Soon after graduating from Yale, Samuel Morse made the acquaintance of Washington Allston, an American artist. Allston was then living in Boston but was planning to return to England, he arranged for Morse to accompany him as his pupil. In 1811, Samuel Morse went to England with Allston and returned to America four years later an accredited portrait painter, having studied not only under Allston but under the famous master, Benjamin West. He opened a studio in Boston, taking commissions for portraits Marriage Samuel Morse married Lucretia Walker in 1818. His reputation as a painter increased steadily, and in 1825 he was in Washington painting a portrait of the Marquis La Fayette, for the city of New York, when he heard from his father the bitter news of his wifes death. Leaving the portrait of La Fayette unfinished, the heartbroken artist made his way home. Artist or Inventor? Two years after his wifes death, Samuel Morse was again obsessed with the marvels of electricity, as he had been in college, after attending a series of lectures on that subject given by James Freeman Dana at Columbia College. The two men became friends. Dana visited Morses studio often, where the two men would talk for hours. However, Samuel Morse was still devoted to his art, he had himself and three children to support, and painting was his only source of income. In 1829, he returned to Europe to study art for three years. Then came the turning point in the life of Samuel Morse. In the autumn of 1832, while traveling home by ship, Samuel Morse joined a conversation with a few scientists scientific men who were on board. One of the passengers asked this question: Is the velocity of electricity reduced by the length of its conducting wire? One of the men replied that electricity passes instantly over any known length of wire and referred to Franklins experiments with several miles of wire, in which no appreciable time elapsed between a touch at one end and a spark at the other. This was the seed of knowledge that led the mind of Samuel Morse to invent the telegraph. In November of 1832, Samuel Morse found himself on the horns of a dilemma. To give up his profession as an artist meant that he would have no income; on the other hand, how could he continue wholeheartedly painting pictures while consumed with the idea of the telegraph? He would have to go on painting and develop his telegraph in what time he could spare. His brothers, Richard and Sidney, were both living in New York and they did what they could for him, giving him a room in a building they had erected at Nassau and Beekman Streets. Samuel Morses Poverty How very poor Samuel Morse was at this time is indicated by a story told by General Strother of Virginia who hired Morse to teach him how to paint: I paid the money [tuition], and we dined together. It was a modest meal, but good, and after he [Morse] had finished, he said, This is my first meal for twenty-four hours. Strother, dont be an artist. It means beggary. Your life depends upon people who know nothing of your art and care nothing for you. A house dog lives better, and the very sensitiveness that stimulates an artist to work keeps him alive to suffering. In 1835, Samuel Morse received an appointment to the teaching staff of  New York University  and moved his workshop to a room in the University building in Washington Square. There, he lived through the year 1836, probably the darkest and longest year of his life, giving lessons to pupils in the art of painting while his mind was in the throes of the great invention. The Birth of the Recording Telegraph In that year [1836] Samuel Morse took into his confidence one of his colleagues in the University, Leonard Gale, who assisted Morse in improving the telegraph apparatus. Morse had formulated the rudiments of the telegraphic alphabet, or  Morse Code, as it is known today. He was ready to test his invention. Yes, that room of the University was the birthplace of the Recording Telegraph, said Samuel Morse years later. On September 2, 1837, a successful experiment was made with seventeen hundred feet of copper wire coiled around the room, in the presence of Alfred Vail, a student, whose family owned the Speedwell Iron Works, at Morristown, New Jersey, and who at once took an interest in the invention and persuaded his father, Judge Stephen Vail, to advance money for experiments. Samuel Morse filed a petition for a patent in October and formed a partnership with Leonard Gale, as well as Alfred Vail. Experiments continued at the Vail shops, with all the partners working day and night. The prototype was publicly demonstrated at the University, visitors were requested to write dispatches, and the words were sent around a three-mile coil of wire and read at the other end of the room. Samuel Morse Petitions Washington to Build Telegraph Line In February 1838, Samuel Morse set out for Washington with his apparatus, stopping at Philadelphia on the invitation of the Franklin Institute to give a demonstration. In Washington, he presented to Congress a petition, asking for a money appropriation to enable him to build an experimental telegraph line. Samuel Morse Applies for European Patents Samuel Morse then returned to New York to prepare to go abroad, as it was necessary for his rights that his invention was patented in European countries before publication in the United States. However, the British Attorney-General refused him a patent on the grounds that American newspapers had published his invention, making it public property. He did receive a French  patent. Introduction to the Art of Photography One interesting result of Samuel Morses 1838 trip to Europe was something not related to the telegraph at all. In Paris, Morse met  Daguerre, the celebrated Frenchman who had discovered a process of making pictures by sunlight, and Daguerre had given Samuel Morse the secret. This led to the first pictures taken by sunlight in the United States and to the first photographs of the human face taken anywhere. Daguerre had never attempted to photograph living objects and did not think it could be done, as a  rigidity of position was required for a long exposure. Samuel Morse, however, and his associate, John W. Draper, were very soon taking portraits successfully. Building of the First Telegraph Line In December 1842, Samuel Morse traveled to Washington for another appeal to  Congress. At last, on February 23, 1843, a bill appropriating thirty thousand dollars to lay the wires between Washington and Baltimore passed the House by a majority of six. Trembling with anxiety, Samuel Morse sat in the gallery of  the House  while the vote was taken and that night Samuel Morse wrote, The long agony is over. But the agony was not over. The bill had yet to pass  the Senate. The last day of the expiring session of Congress arrived on March 3, 1843, and the Senate had not yet passed the bill. In the gallery of the Senate, Samuel Morse had sat all the last day and evening of the session. At midnight the session would close. Assured by his friends that there was no possibility of the bill being reached, he left the Capitol and retired to his room at the hotel, broken-hearted. As he ate breakfast the next morning, a young lady with a smile, exclaimed, I have come to congratulate you! For what, my dear friend? asked Morse, of the young lady, who was Miss Annie G. Ellsworth, daughter of his friend the Commissioner of Patents. On the passage of your bill. Morse assured her it was not possible, as he remained in the Senate-Chamber until nearly midnight. She then informed him that her father was present until the close, and, in the last moments of the session, the bill was passed without debate or revision. Professor Samuel Morse was overcome by the intelligence, so joyful and unexpected, and gave at the moment to his young friend, the bearer of these good tidings, the promise that she should send the first message over the first line of the telegraph that was opened. Samuel Morse and his partners then proceeded to the construction of the forty-mile line of wire between Baltimore and Washington. Ezra Cornell, (founder of  Cornell University) had invented a machine to lay pipe underground to contain the wires and he was employed to carry out the work of construction. The work was commenced at Baltimore and was continued until the experiment proved that the underground method would not do, and it was decided to string the wires on poles. Much time had been lost, but once the system of poles was adopted the work progressed rapidly, and by May 1844, the line was completed. On the twenty-fourth of that month, Samuel Morse sat before his instrument in the room of the Supreme Court at Washington. His friend Miss Ellsworth handed him the message which she had chosen: WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT! Morse flashed it to Vail forty miles away in Baltimore, and Vail instantly flashed back the same momentous words, WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT! The profits from the invention were divided into sixteen shares (the partnership having been formed in 1838) of which: Samuel Morse held 9, Francis O. J. Smith 4, Alfred Vail 2, Leonard D. Gale 2. First Commercial Telegraph Line In 1844, the first commercial telegraph line was open for business. Two days later, the Democratic National Convention met in Baltimore to nominate a President and Vice-President. The leaders of the Convention wanted to nominate New York Senator Silas Wright, who was away in Washington, as running mate to  James Polk, but they needed to know if Wright would agree to run as Vice-President. A human messenger was sent to Washington, however, a telegraph was also sent to Wright. The telegraph messaged the offer to Wright, who telegraphed back to the Convention his refusal to run. The delegates did not believe the telegraph until the human messenger returned the next day and confirmed the telegraphs message. Improved Telegraph Mechanism and Code Ezra Cornell built more telegraph lines across the United States, connecting city with city, and Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail improved the hardware and perfected the code. Inventor, Samuel Morse lived to see his telegraph span the continent, and link communications between Europe and North America. Replacing the Pony Express By 1859, both the railroad and the telegraph had reached the town of St. Joseph, Missouri. Two thousand miles further east and still unconnected was California. The only transportation to California was by stage-coach, a sixty-day journey. To establish quicker communication with California, the Pony Express mail route was organized. Solo riders on horseback could cover the distance in ten or twelve days. Relay stations for the horses and men were set up at points along the way, and a mailman rode off from St. Joseph every twenty-four hours after the arrival of the train (and mail) from the East. For a time the Pony Express did its work and did it well. President Lincolns first inaugural speech was carried to California by the Pony Express. By 1869, the Pony Express was replaced by the telegraph, which now had lines all the way to San Francisco and seven years later the first  transcontinental railroad  was completed. Four years after that, Cyrus Field and  Peter Cooper  laid the  Atlantic Cable. The Morse telegraph machine could now send messages across the sea, as well as from New York to the Golden Gate.

Family Genogram - 1258 Words

PSYC 2103 Genogram Project A genogram is a type of family tree, but with more detailed information. It is often used as a diagnostic and assessment tool by physicians or counselors to obtain individual and family history in order to help in the establishment of a diagnosis and treatment plan. This semester, you will have the opportunity to construct a family genogram for informational purposes. You will develop a genogram, documenting information from both sides of your family (maternal and paternal) for 4 generations starting with yourself. The genogram may be hand drawn or you may use a computer drawn one. (You can download a basic program from www.genopro.com/free or from http://www.progenygenetics.com/students/ ) Your†¦show more content†¦Religious affiliation Education level (designate on key what level of education you are showing. For example high school education, PhD, etc.) Occupations (patterns of occupations, not just listing every occupation you can find. For example: teachers, truck drivers, farmers, etc.) Medical problems (heart problems, diabetes, etc.) Mental health problems (depression, bipolar, schizophrenia, etc.) History of suicide or attemptsShow MoreRelatedFamily Genogram Essay2349 Words   |  10 PagesThe objective of doing the genogram is to get to know the patient by gaining understanding of his/her family background. Assessing the family using systemic approach enables health care providers to learn about the ways in which family members interact, what are the family expectations and norms, how effective is the members communication, who makes decisions and how the family deals with life time stressors (Hockenberry Wilson, 2007). This paper outlines the assessment and analysis of the threeRead MoreGenogram: Family and Grandmother Essay1357 Words   |  6 PagesFamily Genogram Project Liberty University Family Genogram Project The purpose of a student construing a genogram is to help a student gain an understanding of his/her family background. By gaining knowledge of one family it can help the student assist other understand how to help their clients. However, genograms backbone is a graphic depiction of how different family member are biologically, legally, and emotionally related to one another from one generation to the next (McGoldrickRead MoreFamily Genogram is Similar to the Family Tree730 Words   |  3 PagesFamily Genogram A genogram is a tool similar to a family tree that is used to track family history and family relationships. Genograms contain basic information such as: names, genders, birth/death dates, illnesses, social behaviors, achievements, education, family relationships, social relationships and emotional relationships (Genogram Guide, 2009). This paper will summarize finding after completing a three generation genogram of this author’s family history beginning with the maternal (Johnson)Read MoreEssay on Genogram Family Analysis1644 Words   |  7 PagesGenogram Family Analysis II How you ever feel that we, as sons or daughter tend to repeat our parent mistakes? I have always asked myself why and I still have not have the right answer. For example my mother grew up in a very strict environment when she was a child, with my grandmother and my great grandmother coming from a Japanese Culture; my mother grew up to be a very quiet and reserve young adult. She is really kind, strict, helpful and with a very big heart. 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When creating a genogram, it is necessary to obtain a great deal of information to allow for accuracy as well as proficiency within the genogram. OverallRead MoreGraduation Speech : Honors And Integrity Statement1555 Words   |  7 Pages BLOOD SPEAKS ITSELF A Genogram Paper Honors and Integrity Statement I certify that this Genogram Paper is my own written work and that I have not copied from any other student, text or source in a manner that would violate the rules of plagiarism outlined by Nursing 7 and San Joaquin Delta College. I realize that a violation of the rules of plagiarism will result in a course failure and possible dismissal from the college.

Part Five Chapter IX Free Essays

IX The journey took Krystal back to her childhood. She had made this trip daily to St Thomas’s, all on her own, on the bus. She knew when the abbey would come into sight, and she pointed it out to Robbie. We will write a custom essay sample on Part Five Chapter IX or any similar topic only for you Order Now ‘See the big ruin’ castle?’ Robbie was hungry, but slightly distracted by the excitement of being on a bus. Krystal held his hand tightly. She had promised him food when they got off at the other end, but she did not know where she would get it. Perhaps she could borrow money from Fats for a bag of crisps, not to mention the return bus fare. ‘I wen’ ter school ‘ere,’ she told Robbie, while he wiped his fingers on the dirty windows, making abstract patterns. ‘An’ you’ll go to school ‘ere too.’ When they rehoused her, because of her pregnancy, they were almost certain to give her another Fields house; nobody wanted to buy them, they were so run down. But Krystal saw this as a good thing, because in spite of their dilapidation it would put Robbie and the baby in the catchment area for St Thomas’s. Anyway, Fats’ parents would almost certainly give her enough money for a washing machine once she had their grandchild. They might even get a television. The bus rolled down a slope towards Pagford, and Krystal caught a glimpse of the glittering river, briefly visible before the road sank too low. She had been disappointed, when she joined the rowing team, that they did not train on the Orr, but on the dirty old canal in Yarvil. †Ere we are,’ Krystal told Robbie, as the bus turned slowly into the flower-decked square. Fats had forgotten that waiting in front of the Black Canon meant standing opposite Mollison and Lowe’s and the Copper Kettle. There was more than an hour to go until midday, when the cafe opened on Sundays, but Fats did not know how early Andrew had to arrive for work. He had no desire to see his oldest friend this morning, so he skulked down the side of the pub out of sight, and only emerged when the bus arrived. It pulled away, revealing Krystal and a small dirty-looking boy. Nonplussed, Fats loped towards them. †E’s my brother,’ said Krystal aggressively, in response to something she had seen in Fats’ face. Fats made another mental adjustment to what gritty and authentic life meant. He had been fleetingly taken with the idea of knocking Krystal up (and showing Cubby what real men were able to achieve casually, without effort) but this little boy clinging to his sister’s hand and leg disconcerted him. Fats wished that he had not agreed to meet her. She was making him ridiculous. He would rather have gone back to that stinking, squalid house of hers, now that he saw her in the Square. †Ave yeh got any money?’ Krystal demanded. ‘What?’ said Fats. His wits were slow with tiredness. He could not remember now why he had wanted to sit up all night; his tongue was throbbing with all the cigarettes he had smoked. ‘Money,’ repeated Krystal. ‘E’s ‘ungry an’ I’ve lost a fiver. Pay yeh back.’ Fats stuck a hand in his jeans pocket and touched a crumpled bank note. Somehow he did not want to look too flush in front of Krystal, so he ferreted deeper for change, and finally came up with a small amount of silver and coppers. They went to the tiny newsagent’s two streets from the Square, and Fats hung around outside while Krystal bought Robbie crisps and a packet of Rolos. None of them said a word, not even Robbie, who seemed fearful of Fats. At last, when Krystal had handed her brother the crisps, she said to Fats, ‘Where’ll we go?’ Surely, he thought, she could not mean that they were going to shag. Not with the boy there. He had had some idea of taking her to the Cubby Hole: it was private, and it would be a final desecration of his and Andrew’s friendship; he owed nothing to anyone, any more. But he baulked at the idea of fucking in front of a three-year-old. †E’ll be all right,’ said Krystal. †E’s got chocolates now. No, later,’ she said to Robbie, who was whining for the Rolos still in her hand. ‘When you’ve ‘ad the crisps.’ They walked off down the road in the direction of the old stone bridge. †E’ll be all right,’ Krystal repeated. †E does as ‘e’s told. Dontcha?’ she said loudly to Robbie. ‘Wan’ chocolates,’ he said. ‘Yeah, in a minute.’ She could tell that Fats needed cajoling today. She had known, on the bus, that bringing Robbie, however necessary, would be difficult. ‘Whatcha bin up ter?’ she asked. ‘Party last night,’ said Fats. ‘Yeah? Who wuz there?’ He yawned widely, and she had to wait for an answer. ‘Arf Price. Sukhvinder Jawanda. Gaia Bawden.’ ‘Does she live in Pagford?’ asked Krystal sharply. ‘Yeah, in Hope Street,’ said Fats. He knew, because Andrew had let it slip, where she lived. Andrew had never said that he liked her, but Fats had watched him watching Gaia almost constantly in the few classes they shared. He had noticed Andrew’s extreme self-consciousness around her, and whenever she was mentioned. Krystal, though, was thinking about Gaia’s mother: the only social worker she had ever liked, the only one who had got through to her mother. She lived in Hope Street, the same as Nana Cath. She was probably there right now. What if †¦ But Kay had left them. Mattie was their social worker again. Anyway, you weren’t supposed to bother them at home. Shane Tully had once followed his social worker to her house, and he’d got a restraining order for his pains. But then, Shane had earlier tried to heave a brick through the woman’s car window †¦ And, Krystal reasoned, squinting as the road turned, and the river dazzled her eyes with thousands of blinding white spots of light, Kay was still the keeper of folders, the score-keeper and the judge. She had seemed all right, but none of her solutions would keep Krystal and Robbie together †¦ ‘We could go down there,’ she suggested to Fats, pointing at the overgrown stretch of bank, a little way along from the bridge. ‘An’ Robbie could wait up there, on the bench.’ She would be able to keep an eye on him from there, she thought, and she would make sure he didn’t see anything. Not that it was anything he had not seen before, in the days that Terri brought strangers home †¦ But, exhausted as he was, Fats was revolted. He could not do it in the grass, under the eye of a small boy. ‘Nah,’ he said, trying to sound offhand. †E won’ bother,’ said Krystal. †E’s got ‘is Rolos. ‘E won’ even know,’ she said, although she thought that was a lie. Robbie knew too much. There had been trouble at nursery when he’d mimicked doing it doggy-style on another child. Krystal’s mother, Fats remembered, was a prostitute. He hated the idea of what she was suggesting, but was that not inauthenticity? ‘Whassamatter?’ Krystal asked him aggressively. ‘Nothing,’ he said. Dane Tully would do it. Pikey Pritchard would do it. Cubby, not in a million years. Krystal walked Robbie to the bench. Fats bent to peer over the back of it, down to the overgrown patch of weeds and bushes, and thought that the kid might not see anything, but that he would be as quick as he could, in any case. †Ere y’are,’ Krystal told Robbie, pulling out the long tube of Rolos while he reached for them excitedly. ‘Yeh can ‘ave all of ’em if yeh jus’ sit ‘ere fer a minute, all righ’? Yeh jus’ sit ‘ere, Robbie, an’ I’ll be in them bushes. D’yeh understand, Robbie?’ ‘Yeah,’ he said happily, his cheeks already full of chocolate and toffee. Krystal slipped and slid down the bank towards the patch of undergrowth, hoping that Fats was not going to make any difficulties about doing it without a condom. How to cite Part Five Chapter IX, Essay examples

The study of China phenomenon of Wang Hong - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss aboutThe study of China phenomenon of Wang Hong. Answer: Introduction One of the driving factors in the industrial and economic growth and changes in the dynamics of the same in the international scenario has been the technological innovations and progress experienced in different areas in the global framework. Over the years, the world has experienced immense progress in terms of technological innovations, which not only affected the industrial and commercial aspects but has influenced the overall way of living of people in all corners of the world. One of the primary innovations, which have widely influenced the lifestyle globally, is of that of internet. Over the years, the usage of internet has expanded significantly, with more people being accustomed to the concept and its applications. Internet is now a significant part of the personal and professional domains of people in general, in all parts of the world. Keeping the aspect of increased influence and usage of internet in peoples everyday life into consideration, the assignment tries to discuss about the recent phenomenon, which have been occurring primarily in countries like China, which is popularly known as the Wang Hong Economy in the contemporary periods. The term Wang Hong Economy, is generally used to refer to the new age digital economy, which is increasingly gaining importance and relevance in the contemporary period. To study the relevance and implications of the same, the following section of the assignment conducts an extensive review of the exiting literatures and scholarly evidences present in this aspect, emphasizing on the economy of China, from where this concept has originated. Wang Hong: Origin and Meaning The term Wang Hong, having its origin in China, broadly refers to the new age internet celebrities who are gaining immense global attention in the contemporary period. As described by Sullivan and Kehoe (2017), in their elaborate work on the evolution and dynamics in the world of celebrities in China, the mode of entertainment for people has undergone immense changes and modifications over the years, with the nature and the magnitude of entertainment changing continuously. In the constant competition of getting more popularity and becoming more famous, people have taken up newer methods of publicizing and advertising oneself. One of the newest of these methods of advertising and reaching out to more people is by the use of the increasing popular platform of social media. With the invention and widespread usage of internet, social media has become a part of the daily lives of people across the world. According to the authors, social media not only remains as a mode of global communica tion, but has also become a medium of exchanging thoughts and ideas, which gave rise to the notion of using the same platform to reach out to more people and to display or convey what they has to show or say. Talking in the line of Sullivan and Kehoe, in his article, Wang (2017), elaborated the concept of Wang Hong. As asserted by the author, Wang Hong in China refers to those celebrities who get popular not by conventional media but though internet and the different social media platforms. These people, well aware of the increasing usage of social media among people of different age and nature, use this platform to showcase their talents, thereby gaining immense popularity, which can be highly attributed to the ease of using internet, its incredible pace and vast reach. This phenomenon is no longer a discrete one as its increasing popularity and economic prospects have been attracting more people to use the same to become popular. Though the author clearly elaborates the meaning and implications of the term Wang Hong, he however does not elaborate on the phenomenon of the rapidly rising Wang Hong Economy in China and the reasons behind the rise of the same in the contemporary Chinese eco nomy. Wang Hong Economy The term Wang Hong Economy, as put forward by Wang (2012) is in its broad sense the newly but rapidly growing digital economy in China, which is coming into existence with the increasing popularity and prospects of the phenomenon of Wang Hong. He, unlike the previous authors, defined Chinese Wang Hong to be those who not only become popular on the social media platforms in China, but also have the abilities to channelize their popularity to real cash earnings for them and their sponsors. As argued by the author the Wang Hong economy or the Internet Celebrity economy not only includes those displaying their talents or ideas in the social media platforms but also the people and stakeholders working in the background. This alternative form of economy is especially popular in China and with more people as well as investors pitching in, the valuation of this economy expected to cross 58 billion Yuan in 2017, which is even higher than the box office revenue of China in 2015. How Wang Hone Economy works in China Xu (2018) has elaborately explained the concept and dynamics of Wang Hong Economy in China in the article published in Target China, where the author describes the working and the demand supply dynamics of the Wang Hong economy with the help of a diagrammatic representation of the same, which is as follows: Figure 1: Dynamics in the Wang Hong Economy (Source: Xu 2018) Taking reference of the above figure, the author argues that the Chinese internet celebrity economy not only consists of celebrities themselves but also a full-fledged business chain behind the celebrity faces. This business chain includes the support teams, the agents, incubators, marketing strategists and those who have the ability to design different product selling methods for different commercial companies taking advantage of the popularity of these celebrities (Shijia 2018). How are internet celebrities different from traditional celebrities? Hua, Leong and Yu (2017), in their scholarly article tries to differentiate between the internet celebrities and the conventional or traditional ones, based on the nature, domain of operations and targeted clienteles these two types of sensations target and their purposes. According to the authors, unlike the non-internet celebrities, the Wang Hong celebrities in China, not only displays their talents but also share their experiences, lifestyles and opinions on different aspects with their viewers quite frequently. They also guide their viewers in terms of food, fashion, lifestyle, travel and others buy suggesting them brands to buy, places to visit and other. The approach of these celebrities being more frequent and less formal, they appear to be more cordial to their viewers than the traditional celebrity, which in turn encourages them to follow their life styles and suggestions. Therefore, in spite of being non-professional, these internet celebrities exert more influence on the v iewers, especially the younger ones, who try to follow them. The advantage of such fan following automatically makes these celebrities a part of the marketing system of various products and services by different companies as argued by Schmidt and Cohen (2013). They sponsor these celebrities to advertise their goods and services in a more cordial and less-apparent manner, thereby making the viewers believe in the credibility of these goods and services as they see that even their favorite celebrities use them too. This informal advertising not only increases the economic benefits of these companies in terms of hugely increased sales but also increases the prosperity of the celebrities as both their earnings as well as the number of viewers increase substantially. Tuten and Solomon (2017), also argues in favor of Cohen, asserting that the internet celebrities even earn economic benefits from the media channels by creating their own blogs or channels, posting videos and increasing the number of viewers and subscribers to their channels. Reasons behind the rise of the Wang Hone Economy in China In the age of digitalism in every aspect of human life, internet celebrities are getting increasing global attention with each passing day. However, the trend is especially prominent in China and the concept of Wang Hong Economy has originated and developed in the country over the years. There are several reasons behind the growth and immense popularity of the recently growing Internet Celebrity Economy in China, which have been put forward by different scholars: a) Technological Advancement- According to Chen, Benbasat and Cenfetelli (2017), one of the primary factors, which have contributed immensely to the origin of the Wang Hong Economy, is the highly developed technological framework in the country which includes the widespread usage of internet also. The number of internet users in China increased to as high as 6.49 billion till 2015, among which 5.57 billion are found to have access to internet through their smart phones which they use for purchasing and socializing purposes. b) Growing Economy- Kim and Ko (2012) puts forward another factor contributing to the rising popularity of the Wang Hong economy in China. According to them, the economy of China is growing consistently and the consumption pattern of the people of the country is also changing, much of which is attributed to the increase in the number of youths in the country. As per the assertions of the authors, the youth gets more intrigues by the videos of these internet celebrities and in a quest to achieve a lifestyle similar to those celebrities, they mould their purchasing patterns in a way, which facilitates the growth of the Wang Hong economy. Online relating perspective of Wang Hong Economy Tao and Jiao (2013) highlights the presence of the aspect of online retailing apart from that of media advertising in the Wang Hong economy. According to the authors, the Wang Hong economy also includes the aspect of e-commerce and online retailing. Taking the example of TaoBao, a customer to customer website, the authors suggest that different internet celebrities advertise their stores which includes fashion, food and lifestyle. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be asserted that the Wang Hong economy has been expanding impressively with time. The technological progress and widespread usage of internet, especially among the youths has contributed immensely to the change in lifestyle and the facilitation of the Wang Hong economy in the country. This gives the opportunity of expanding this new form of economy to other countries also, which in turn keeps the scope of exploration and further study of this economy and its prospect in future across different parts of the world. References Chen, Z., Benbasat, I. and Cenfetelli, R.T., 2017. Grassroots Internet Celebrity Plus Live Streaming Activating IT-Mediated Lifestyle Marketing Services at e-Commerce Websites. Hua, W., Leong, C. and Yu, J., 2017. Exploring User-Created Digital Content Ecosystem: A Study of Chinas Digital Celebrity Industry. Kim, A.J. and Ko, E., 2012. Do social media marketing activities enhance customer equity? 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